厄瓜多尔大学生六项第二阶学术参与模型的评估

Introduction Academic engagement is a key determinant of students’ wellbeing and academic success. Although the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-S-9) is one of the most widely used instruments to assess this construct, previous studies have reported inconsistent evidence regarding its factorial structure, particularly in Latin American populations. This study examined the psychometric properties of the UWES-S-9 and evaluated whether a more parsimonious higher-order model could better represent academic engagement among Ecuadorian university students. Methods A cross-sectional s