测试工作记忆只有在与重新接触相结合时才能长期改善记忆

Testing long-term memory (LTM) is well known to enhance subsequent retention beyond mere re-exposure effects. Recent evidence suggests that testing during working memory (WM) also boosts LTM performance. However, it remains unclear whether these WM testing benefits are a consequence of retrieval or reflect increased familiarity due to re-exposure. In this preregistered study, we aimed to distinguish between these two. Participants memorized four images in their corresponding locations for a subsequent WM test. During this test, an image was presented in one of the memory locations, and partici