基于五子棋的高中学生词汇发展研究

This study investigated the effectiveness of Tic-Tac-Toe as a game-based approach to vocabulary development among Grade 10 students at Labogon National High School, Mandaue City, during the school year 2025–2026. Employing a quantitative one-group pretest–posttest design, the study involved 45 students selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using a validated vocabulary assessment and an adapted questionnaire measuring motivation and learning engagement, with descriptive statistics and a paired t-test employed for analysis. Findings revealed that students’ overall vocabulary mea