Time Alone - Solitude and Loneliness from the Self-Determining Perspective.

Solitude and loneliness represent two contrasting yet connected dimensions of being alone, shaped less by physical isolation and more by the motivations underlying it. While loneliness is perceived negatively, linked to distress and adverse outcomes, solitude can be a positive source of self-reflection, personal growth, or relaxation. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory, this article examines how the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness influence individuals' experiences of time alone. We argue that solitude is best understood as