患者选择的音乐聆听及其在儿童牙科洁治期间的心率模式：一项探索性试点研究

AIM: To explore heart-rate changes across predefined procedural phases in paediatric patients undergoing professional dental hygiene with passive patient-selected music listening compared with standard care, and to descriptively examine HR patterns in a small clinically indicated nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) conscious sedation reference group. BACKGROUND: Dental procedures may elicit fear and anxiety in children, potentially affecting cooperation and the overall quality of care. Music lis-tening is a simple, low-cost, non-pharmacological intervention that can be easily integrated into prevent