了解公平的意义：规则、判断与公平竞赛的认知倾向在竞技游泳中的表现
Knowing What is Fair: Epistemological Orientations Toward Rules, Judging, and Fair Play in Competitive Swimming
Muhammad Rachmat Kasmad、Ishak Bachtiar、Sahabuddin · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · 2026-11-05
研究信息
- 期刊 / 来源
- International Journal of Social Science and Human Research
- 发表日期
- 2026-11-05
- 文献库
- OpenAlex
- 作者
- Muhammad Rachmat Kasmad, Ishak Bachtiar, Sahabuddin
- DOI
- 10.47191/ijsshr/v9-i11-03
英文原文摘要全文
Fair play in competitive swimming is not only about following competition rules but it also demands that athletes acknowledge the legitimacy of officiating decisions, differentiate acceptable strategies from unethical violations and reflect on their sporting conduct. This study investigated epistemological orientations toward fair play among competitive swimmers, differentiated rule-related statements from judgment-related statements and gender differences. Cross sectional quantitative design was used with 122 competitive swimmers consisting of 56 male and 66 female from five swimming clubs in
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