量化卷尾猴的“惊讶”程度（Sapajus apella）

Abstract Violation-of-expectation (VoE) events offer a fascinating lens into the intersection of cognition and emotion. Research suggests that, like humans, many animals are susceptible to VoE events in many physical domains, susceptibility typically assessed through behaviours such as visual and physical exploration of a stimulus. In humans, such susceptibility has been further documented through emotional surprise, such as delight following positive surprise and frustration following negative surprise. However, evidence in animals remains relatively limited. To address this gap, this study e