理解二年级儿童数学焦虑及其对认知努力的影响：一项瞳孔测量研究

Introduction Many individuals struggle with mathematics, and mathematics anxiety (MA) is associated with poor mathematics performance. The reasons for this association are unclear, but one explanation is that MA reduces the working memory capacity available for problem solving. Because changes in pupil diameter index cognitive effort, this study used pupillometry to examine whether MA is related to cognitive effort in second-grade children. Methods Ninety-eight second-grade pupils in Norway solved easy and hard addition problems while their pupil diameter was recorded with an eye tracker. Arit