电动出行设备的视觉属性塑造其道路漏洞：尺寸和速度的影响

The brief visual window—often only hundreds of milliseconds—in which drivers predict the arrival of oncoming vehicles and decide whether to give way is critical for safe and efficient manoeuvring. E-mobility devices (EMDs) are a relatively new form of transportation and may challenge these decisions due to their small visual profile and relatively high operating speeds. Here, we examined whether observers show systematic biases when judging EMDs relative to other common vehicles, potentially contributing to their vulnerability in intersection crashes. Using naturalistic video stimuli spanning