2PL模型中跨多个时间点的平均几何平均值和成对哈伯曼链接的链接误差估计

Longitudinal assessments link test forms through common items. Under item parameter drift, linked ability means and standard deviations depend on the item selection, adding a linking error (LE) to the standard error (SE). Treating mean-geometric mean linking and pairwise Haberman linking across three time points in the two-parameter logistic model as M-estimators, this article derives closed-form LEs and sandwich estimators of LE, SE, and total error (TE). Sandwich and item jackknife LE estimators are bias-corrected for person sampling, including dependent samples. In a simulation study, SE-ba