接受导师观察有助于视频介导训练中外语口语学习

Social presence, particularly awareness of being observed by a tutor, may enhance learners’ engagement and attention during foreign language practice, but its effects on learning and associated neural activity remain poorly understood. We investigated whether learners’ (n = 32) awareness of being observed by a tutor influences foreign speech learning in a short (11-min) video-mediated listen-and-repeat training for Mandarin words. In the online group, learners knew the tutor could see them, whereas in the offline group, they knew the tutor could neither see nor hear them. Tone production was a