Presence, Social Capital, Social Isolation in Virtual Environments: The Role of Extraversion in Shaping Relational Outcomes.

Virtual environment communication has been increasingly discussed as a potential means of addressing social isolation, yet little is known about how different forms of presence become relational resources. This study examines how physical presence and social presence in virtual environments are associated with social isolation through virtual-environment bonding and bridging social capital, and whether these relationships differ by users' level of extraversion. Data were collected from 500 Korean adults with experience using ZEPETO and analyzed using CB-SEM and multi-group analysis. The result