Add-on efficacy of neurofeedback-augmented mindfulness training for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Stress is a psychophysiological response that occurs when environmental demands exceed an individual’s coping capacity, and it is closely linked to many psychosomatic disorders. Mindfulness training can effectively reduce stress, but conventional mindfulness training (CM) places high demands on self-monitoring ability, which limits its effect. Neurofeedback-augmented mindfulness training (NM) provides real-time feedback on brain activity signals and may help address this limitation. However, most existing studies are small-sample RCTs, and their conclusions remain inconsistent. This study used