什么时候有东西还活着？整合自下而上和自上而下的活力视角

What it means for an individual entity to be alive remains conceptually unresolved, particularly for artificial systems that display increasingly life-like behavior. This paper distinguishes life as an evolutionary, population-level process from aliveness as an individual property, and develops a candidate condition for assessing when an entity, biological or artificial, should be considered alive. A bottom-up heuristic identifies structural and functional characteristics commonly associated with biological organisms, but applying this heuristic to an embodied artificial agent shows that such