共现模式揭示赌博与酒精、烟草共用风险

Abstract Background: Gambling is increasingly recognised as a public health issue, often co-occurring with alcohol and tobacco use. In response, the UK government plans to introduce Cumulative Impact Assessments (CIAs) for gambling, allowing local authorities to identify areas where venue density may contribute to increased gambling harm. However, CIA models based solely on gambling prevalence may be less effective, as they ignore co-occurring risk factors that can amplify harm. This paper shows that prevalence alone is not a reliable indicator of gambling risks and that considering co-occurri