Assessing students’ judgments of appropriateness and self-reported practice of school-wide behavioral expectations: initial validation of a student-report measure

Background Within Tier 1 School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), school-wide behavioral expectations are explicitly taught and monitored. Students’ judgments of the appropriateness of expected behaviors and their self-reported typical practice provide complementary perspectives, yet existing assessment tools do not directly pair these perspectives for the same expectations. We therefore developed the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports–Rules, Instruction, Safety, and Emotions (PBIS-RISE) questionnaire, comprising two parallel scales: Positive Behavioral Ap